Misc: diamonds are composed of which element?

Questions

In astronomy, the angle in degrees of a heavenly body above the horizon?

In biology, fusion of the nuclear materials of two gametes resulting in the formation of a zygote, or embryo?

In biology, the complex of processes by which living organisms originated on earth & have been diversified & modified through sustained changes in form & function?

In cartography, the ratio of the distance between two points on a map & the actual distance between the two points on the earth's surface?

In chemistry, analytical technique used for the chemical separation of mixtures & substances?