music: what is the term for a special emphasis placed on an individual note or chord?

Questions

(Gk., 'same-sounding') - Music in which parts move together presenting a top melody with accompanying chords. The opposite of polyphony.?

(Sp.) - A sad Andalusian song employing some intervals smaller than a semitone.?

- A lively English dance, in triple time in the early 16th century. From the mid 18th century onwards it was in 4 / 4 time, acquiring an association with sailors.?

(Fr.), humoreske (Ger.) - An instrumental composition of a capricious nature. Schumann wrote in this style.?

- A Christian song of praise sung by a congregation with words specially written.?