useless trivia: What Word Means: A Coarse Cloth - To Smash?

Questions

In 1822 Gregor Mendel, geneticist who discovered laws of---------- , born. ?

In 1826 Giuseppe---------- , discoverer of first asteroid, dies. ?

In 1826 Giuseppe Piazzi, discoverer of first---------- , dies. ?

In 1844 Rev. William Archibald---------- , invented 'spoonerisms' (ie When you get you bords wackwards and you can't palk troperly.), born. ?

In 1849 Emma---------- , whose poem was inscribed on the Statue of Liberty, born. ?