useless trivia: What Word Means: Solar - Sola - Sponge-wood?

Questions

This UK Queen ruled 63 years, from 1837-1901, and her name would be?

This Netherlands Queen ruled 58 years from 1890-1948, and her name would be?

This Hungarian Queen ruled 40 years from 1740-1780, and her name would be?

The Top 10, Current monarchies having the most rulers?

On June 30, 1859, Jean Francois Gravelet became the first person to do this, and did it several times. On one occasion, he even paused to cook and eat an omelette. What did he do?