Misc: in what year did einstein cry the word 'photon'?

Questions

People: Czar of Russia, 1682-1725, instituted a beard tax?

People: English king more interested in fighting crusades than ruling England?

People: He made Prussia into a European power; composed some music still played?

Potpourri: He died in 1829, but his #100,000 foundation formed many major museums?

Potpourri: In 1822, Brazil became independent of this country?