Misc: In which English city is the Martyr's Memorial?

Questions

In 1609 Navigator Henry Hudson discovered the island of----------?

In 1781 ---------- founded in the Valley of Smokes (Indian Name)?

In 1781 Los Angeles founded in the Valley of ---------- (Indian Name)?

In 1833 The first newsboy in the US hired (---------- Flaherty), by the NY Sun?

In 1833 The first newsboy in the US hired (Barney---------- ), by the NY Sun?