Definitions: The study of light and its relation to sight is called ________.?

Questions

In 1143 John II ---------- emperor, dies in an accident.?

In 1605 Philip IV king of Spain & ---------- (1621-65), born.?

In 1766 The first patent is granted for a ---------- ... a wicker basket on a pully and a chain, designed by a London watchmaker?

In 1946 League of Nations assembles for ---------- time.?

In 1952 President Harry Truman seizes ---------- industry to avoid a strike.?