Not Telling ;-P: What are these: chrysolite, beryl, jasper, and tourmaline?

Questions

In 1864, where were over 300 indians massacred colorado?

In 1864, who was massacred at sand creek detention camp in colorado?

In 1891, film was introduced to replace ______ in making photographic negatives?

In 1902, which volcano erupted killing 30,000 people?

In 1918, what illness caused 20 million deaths?